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Coupling is a commonly ignored systematic error in 4D inversion 4D acquisition and processing are ‘coupled’ by nature, meaning that parameter selection takes into account all survey vintages. In addition, processors are trying all possible ways to honor the coupling between vintages and surveys with innovative co-processing workflows and algorithms. However, most 4D quantitative interpretation […]

 4D Specialists simplify things for 4D! This time we share a one chart handbook for all 4D practitioners to overview the full spectrum of 4D interpretation task that can be carried out from processing, data enhancement for QI, basic 4D interpretation to the ultimate application of 4D data. Like it, save it, print it off, […]

By David Cox, Stingray Geophysics – the leading 4D PRM system manufacturer There are a range of methods for acquiring 4D data which vary in cost and quality of the data acquired.  These include; repeat streamer surveys, temporarily installed ocean bottom cables (OBC / OBS) nodes or cables that are permanently installed for the lifetime […]

4D feasibility studies are required to assess the detectability of the expected 4D signal from changes in the reservoir over time. It is necessary to integrate petrophysics, reservoir engineering and geophysical expertise to conduct these studies. A modular approach could be taken in analysing the detectability of the expected 4D signal. Recall Serial 3 – […]

Why are we still calibrating the rock-physics models? Rock-physics empirical relations, theoretical models, and heuristic approaches are used successfully to aid quantitative characterisation of the sweet spots or monitoring of the production induced changes in the reservoir. Along with applicability to the specific reservoir scenario, calibrability is an indispensable criterion for selection of the optimum […]

Predicting the future of 4D from its past 4D or time-lapse seismic is now one of the up and coming technologies in the industry today .. proven, mature and accepted. This technology was famously resisted by several major oil companies in the late 1980’s as not being economically viable, flipped overnight to become the gold […]